Understanding U.S. Laws on Hitting Your Children

Understanding U.S. Laws on Hitting Your Children: What Parents Need to Know

Parenting is a deeply personal journey, shaped by culture, upbringing, and values.

One of the most controversial aspects of parenting is discipline—specifically, whether it’s ever legal or appropriate to hit your child. In the United States, the laws surrounding physical discipline are complex. While some forms of corporal punishment are still legal in certain states, there are clear legal limits to what is acceptable. Understanding these boundaries is essential for protecting children and avoiding criminal charges.

Is It Legal to Hit Your Child in the U.S.?

In most U.S. states, parents are legally allowed to use “reasonable” physical discipline on their children. However, there’s a fine line between what’s considered reasonable and what constitutes abuse.

The legality of hitting a child varies depending on:

· State laws

· The severity of the discipline

· Whether an injury occurred

· The intent behind the act

Generally, mild physical discipline such as a light spanking is not automatically considered child abuse. But once it results in injury or is done excessively, it can cross the line into criminal behavior.

Corporal Punishment vs. Child Abuse

Corporal punishment is the intentional infliction of physical pain as a method of discipline. Common examples include spanking, slapping, or smacking. While controversial, it is not illegal in many states if done in moderation and without leaving lasting marks or injuries.

Child abuse, on the other hand, involves harm or risk of harm to a child, either physically or emotionally. This includes:

· Hitting that causes bruises, cuts, or other injuries

· Using belts, cords, or other objects to strike a child

· Punching, kicking, burning, or shaking a child

· Any discipline that humiliates, terrorizes, or emotionally scars the child

Each state defines child abuse differently, but they all agree that abuse is illegal and punishable under criminal law.

What Do the Courts Consider?

When determining whether physical discipline is legal or abusive, courts consider several factors:

1. Age of the child: Very young children (toddlers and infants) are especially vulnerable. Hitting a small child is more likely to be seen as abuse.

2. Method used: Using objects (like belts or wooden spoons) raises more red flags than a bare-handed spanking.

3. Injury or pain caused: If the punishment leaves bruises, welts, or other injuries, it’s more likely to be classified as abuse.

4. Frequency and duration: A one-time incident is judged differently from repeated or prolonged punishment.

5. Intent: Was the parent trying to discipline the child, or was it an act of anger or frustration?

Each case is unique, but the presence of injury, trauma, or excessive force can lead to criminal charges, child protective services involvement, and even loss of custody.

State-by-State Differences

U.S. states have significant variations in how they interpret and enforce laws about corporal punishment.

· States like Texas, Florida, and Georgia generally allow reasonable corporal punishment, provided it doesn’t cause injury.

· States like Minnesota and Massachusetts have stricter guidelines and are more likely to intervene when physical discipline is reported.

· California and New York have laws that explicitly prohibit certain types of physical discipline and prioritize children's welfare in custody decisions.

It’s important for parents to research the specific laws in their state or consult a family law attorney if in doubt.

Child Protective Services (CPS) and Legal Consequences

When someone reports that a child has been hit—whether it’s a neighbor, teacher, or doctor—Child Protective Services may launch an investigation. Even if the discipline was intended as a form of punishment, parents may still face serious consequences:

· CPS investigations and home visits

· Mandatory parenting classes

· Court-ordered supervision

· Temporary or permanent removal of the child from the home

· Criminal charges such as child abuse, assault, or endangerment

Parents who are charged may face fines, probation, or even jail time, depending on the severity of the incident.

Cultural and Historical Context

Historically, corporal punishment was not only legal but widely accepted in both homes and schools. Over time, research on child psychology and development has shown that hitting children can have long-term negative effects, including:

· Increased aggression

· Lower self-esteem

· Mental health challenges

· Strained parent-child relationships

This growing body of evidence has influenced both legal reforms and public opinion. While some parents still believe in the effectiveness of physical discipline, many are turning to non-violent alternatives.

Alternatives to Physical Discipline

Given the risks—both legal and emotional—associated with hitting children, many experts advocate for positive discipline strategies that promote healthy behavior without harm:

Time-outs: Removing the child from the situation to calm down and reflect
Loss of privileges: Taking away toys, screen time, or outings as a consequence
Natural consequences: Allowing children to learn from their actions without physical punishment

Reward systems: Encouraging good behavior through praise and incentives
Clear communication: Setting boundaries and explaining expectations in age-appropriate ways

Parenting can be challenging, especially when emotions run high. However, physical punishment is rarely the best solution and may cause more harm than good.

International Perspective

The United States is one of the few developed countries where physical discipline in the home remains legal. Nations like Sweden, Germany, and New Zealand have outlawed all forms of corporal punishment, even by parents. These legal shifts reflect a global movement toward prioritizing children's rights and protection.

Final Thoughts

While it may be legal in many U.S. states to spank or hit your child as a form of discipline, it must be done within strict boundaries. Crossing the line—even unintentionally—can result in criminal charges and lasting damage to your relationship with your child.

As societal attitudes continue to evolve and laws become more protective of children’s welfare, parents must stay informed. Understanding your rights and responsibilities under the law is the first step toward safer, more effective parenting.

If you ever feel overwhelmed or unsure about how to handle your child’s behavior, consider reaching out to parenting support groups, counselors, or child psychologists.

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You Can't Make Me!

By Anne Harvey • November 24, 2023

“You Can’t Make Me!” The public perception of what family law requires from parents lags by several decades. In the 1970s, it stated that a child aged 12 or older could “decide” which parent to live with. I’ve spent years explaining that the law has changed since; children are no longer in charge of this monumental decision. The related issue of whether a child can be forced to attend parenting time is evolving, although the Ohio legislature hasn’t yet enacted any statutory mandates. Instead, the issue of when a custodial parent can be held in contempt for not forcing a child to attend court-ordered parenting time is being addressed in individual cases with no more guidance than to follow what’s in the best interest of the child. Traditionally, risk to health or safety is a defense to not sending a child of any age to parenting time. The risk must be substantial; a dirty house, lack of hygiene, swearing or bad movie choices are not reasons to deny parenting time. Drug use, chronic sewage issues and the nearness of sex offenders to the child are risks that can justify a parent not sending a child for parenting time. There’s another class of cases where the law is evolving: What if a child simply does not want to see the other parent? What if there are issues between the child and parent that pose “only” a psychological risk to the child? When can the custodial parent take matters into his or her own hands and simply not make the child go? A recent case from an Ohio Appeals Court is instructive. In it, the children (aged 11 and 13) didn’t want to visit their father for many reasons. Said father had a physical altercation with his brother and the police were called. One time he wouldn’t let the children leave the car while he was dropping them back to their mother because he was unsure if the mother was home; the children finally climbed out of the car’s windows. Overall, the relationship between him and the children had deteriorated to the point where the children refused to spend overnights with him — and then refused to go at all. The father had filed a contempt action against the mother, alleging that she had violated his court-ordered parenting time by not sending the children to spend time with him. The mother admitted that the children had not gone on parenting time; but her defense was that the children were afraid of their father, and she would not force them to go. Roughly two years of expensive litigation followed. The magistrate judge found the mother’s defense unacceptable and held her in contempt. After mother had filed objections, the court reversed the magistrate. And when the father appealed, the Appeals Court also sided with the mother. The reasoning of the Appeals Court covered three main areas. 1) The age of the children. The Appeals Court agreed with the trial judge that the mother couldn’t physically force the children to go to their father’s house; both children were simply too big to be man-handled. They had reached ages where they could have input on the visitation schedule and whether to go. The Appeals Court referenced the “suitable age” of the children several times. The children were 13 and 15 by the time the Court of Appeals reviewed the case, and it backed up the discretion of the trial court when the children were only 11 and 13. There’s no “magic age” where children have input. But the larger their size and age, the larger their input. 2) The independent decision of the child. The father had blamed the mother entirely for the children’s refusal to see him. Both courts found that she had encouraged the children to attend and the children had made up their own minds that they didn’t want to see their father because of his own behavior while they were with him. It’s implied that a child must be of sufficient age in order to make an independent and reasonable decision about parenting time. 3) The actions of the mother. The father had made much of the mother’s failure to punish the children for refusing to attend parenting time. The magistrate agreed with him, but two higher courts did not. There was no express obligation on her to impose consequences for the children’s refusal. She had testified that she listened to the reasons they didn’t want to go; if those reasons seemed reasonable, she didn’t impose punishments. The mother never failed to provide transportation or offer enticements such as vacations to lure the children away from wanting to spend time with their father. Takeaways Parenting time orders for older children are tricky; I believe this is a reason that standard orders of parenting time simply don’t work on older children. Whether a parent should demand that a child go to parenting time depends on every fact and circumstance and the history of the case. Custodial parents should be very leery of disobeying court orders; court orders are not suggestions and violations carry stiff penalties. Non-custodial parents should take serious stock of themselves if their children don’t want to see them. The typical scenario is for the parent to become offended, blame the custodial parent, and then file litigation. Children are people, and people want what they want. The line is fine with growing children testing the limits of defiance. Both parents should look carefully at the reasons for that defiance and evaluate what’s a legitimate gripe, what’s simply drama and what’s an attempt at gaining control. Sadly, that’s virtually impossible to accomplish between bitterly divorced parents.

Jenn and Maddie

By Anne Harvey • November 24, 2023

A Haunting Parenting Tale The details of the Maddie Soto murder case in Kissimmee, Florida, will not be repeated here. Rather, I’m going to offer a panoramic view of the actions by her mother, Jenn Soto, and describe the lessons to be learned from the slaughter of this blameless child. Jenn is middle-aged, overweight, and suffers from bipolar disorder and various other ailments that earn her disability money. After she and a Marine conceived Maddie, her life seemed to stabilize — if only for a short while. He quickly was out of her life. She next married a nice man with a daughter who was near Maddie’s age; the blended family of four functioned well for about a year. But slowly, her bipolar disorder blighted Jenn’s ability to be a parent or wife or even to leave her bed. Her new husband was working full-time, going to school, and parenting two young girls. He could not keep that up forever, and the two divorced the following year. They stayed friends and wanted their daughters to remain siblings. Everyone kept in touch. Jenn held sporadic jobs, but none ever lasted more than a month; she couldn’t afford to jeopardize her disability income. When the demands of raising Maddie got to be too much, she would either enlist her own mother or her extended family to take her for a few days. Maddie’s discarded corpse was found on the side of a road in February 2024. Jenn’s boyfriend of seven years is now in Florida’s Osceola County Jail awaiting trial for murder and sex abuse. As of this writing, the prosecution is seeking the death penalty. As for Jenn? She is now the most hated mother in U.S. history. Enter the Boyfriend Jenn never married Stephan Sterns (referred to hereafter as #3 because he doesn’t deserve a human name). But he was in and out of her household for roughly seven years and referred to himself as Maddie’s stepfather. Financially, he was a lost cause. He sponged off his parents, never held a job, and hand-painted expensive little figurines to help support his gaming habit. He had sleep apnea and kept an erratic schedule. His parents paid his rent, insurance and phone. Further, they often gave him spending money — even though he was 37 years old. One year, he met Jenn at Disney World in Orlando, where they both had short-term jobs. Maddie was about six years old when he met her. He and Jenn became a romantic item, and they moved in together very quickly. Although they couldn’t afford to eat out, the three of them went to parks and snuggled at home watching movies. Jenn trusted #3 completely and believed that he had her and Maddie’s best interests at heart. They broke up often, but #3 always came back to Jenn and Maddie. By February 2024, #3 had returned once again, Jenn had started yet another job, and she struggled with insomnia. Maddie had her thirteenth birthday party on a Sunday in late February, after which Jenn sent her and #3 to bed together so that she (Jenn) could get a good night’s sleep for her new job training. She never saw Maddie alive again, even though she claimed to. Revelations Neither Jenn nor #3 were accomplished liars, even though they both tried their best. Jenn told contradictory stories about when she had last seen Maddie. And her claim that she was so desperately in need of sleep fell apart when police discovered she was off work for the following Monday and Tuesday. The revelation that she, #3 and Maddie routinely slept together in the same bed, and that she would send “them” off to bed together when she herself needed a break from everybody, set off alarms with law enforcement. Ultimately, #3 surrendered his phone to police, claiming that he had accidentally hit its Reset button to restore the phone’s factory settings. Unfortunately for him, the phone failed to reset, and the police discovered more than 30,000 images of child sexual abuse material (CSAM), including 1,700 images of he and Maddie. This irrefutable evidence also established that #3 had begun sexually abusing Maddie beginning when she was 8. Jenn pretended to be flabbergasted but immediately called #3’s parents and told them their son needed a lawyer — quickly. Questions, denials, tears and charges against #3 followed. Public Fury Everyone in Florida wants Jenn to rot in jail, so much so that she is recognized in public and has gone into hiding. She has been granted derivative immunity for various interviews. To date, no charges have been filed against her, and this only adds to the public outcry. Jenn is not a woman who could talk herself out of so much as a speeding ticket. She had no explanation as to why her first reaction to the pictures of her daughter performing fellatio on #3 was to tell him to lawyer up. She could not understand how her behavior, post-death of her daughter, continued to protect #3. She sent Maddie to sleep in the same bed with #3 because of her own needs and cannot recognize why that was wrong. She told police that her worst fear had been the possibility of a “Woody Allen situation” between Maddie and #3 where she would be left out in the cold. She did not understand that she had let a beast live in her house and granted it unfettered access to her daughter. Jenn Soto: One-Off or One of Many? Jenn is a tremendous wreck of a parent, and it is very easy to dismiss her as a fool. Her story nonetheless raises many issues about a parent’s duty to protect their child versus said parent’s own need for companionship. Some broad statistics are instructive. It is well-established that blended families have a divorce rate of roughly 67%. Most people with children but no partner will soon pair up again, usually with someone who is also a parent. The odds are very much against the long-term success of these unions. Jenn herself experienced this with her own short-term marriage. It is equally well-established that the presence of a non-relative male in a child’s household poses a risk of abuse roughly 11% higher than a household with biological parents. Stepmothers may be the archetype of evil in fairy tales, but the true threat comes from non-relative males. Could the best practice be to stay uninvolved until the children are emancipated? This position requires sacrifice, delayed gratification and hardship. But after all, those realities are the collective heart of true parenthood. Most women who follow this route will ultimately acknowledge that not saddling a child with a stepfather was a necessary step to their child’s safety and development. This is an extreme position to take. But Maddie would be alive if her mother had stopped at her second try. Best Practices: Spot Grooming and Safety Strategies Since most people will never make that type of short-term sacrifice, and because many stepfathers provide genuine love and care to their non-biological children, a few pointers about grooming are important. Predators groom the parent first. It is no coincidence that #3 was interested in Jenn, who had very little to offer as a partner. She was needy and naively thought he had loved her. He pursued her because of her daughter. Predators groom in the open. Grooming starts in the presence of people the child trusts. A touch to a child’s shoulder is innocent, but a touch on a child’s bare leg in the presence of the mother may not be so innocent. The mother’s silent acceptance of the bare leg touch in her presence subliminally shows the child that it is acceptable. Once the child is “calibrated” to one touch, it is easier for the abuser to move forward. It happens gradually, then suddenly. Hemingway said this about how he went bankrupt, but his quip applies to sex abuse of children as well. Maddie did not sleep in the same bed alone with #3 on day one. Over time, it started with the three of them watching movies on the couch and then on the bed, then the three of them falling asleep together, and then Maddie and #3 sleeping in the same bed without Jenn. It took years for a full-blown sex act to take place. Jenn did not trust #3 at all to start with, but then trusted him all at once. Safety strategies. Most relationships reach a point where the “big” conversations take place. These usually include financial status, past relationships and long-term plans. Sadly, in many relationships, more time gets devoted to wedding planning than to the everyday nitty-gritty of living together. Mothers should develop a specific safety script to screen potential abusers before granting a new partner access to their children. It should include questions such as whether the prospective partner has ever had sexual thoughts about children; whether they themselves were ever abused; and what they think should happen to child sex abusers. Discussions should include basic boundaries, such as who should sleep where; whether bathroom doors are ever left open when in use; the limits of horseplay and wrestling; and whether a child can refuse physical affection such as a hug or kiss. An unwillingness to take part in such a frank discussion is a harbinger of trouble. Every household has certain house rules, and these rules should include mutual understandings about how adults interact with children. Non-relative males should know the house rules on physical punishments, teasing and when to stop, and on commenting on a child’s body. Undoubtedly, some will characterize this advice as liberal meddling into the private lives of citizens. Clear expectations on behavior are the backbone of effective safety strategies to avoid child abuse. Summary Jenn wanted a relationship so badly that she would accept it on any man’s terms. Some say that she simply pimped out her daughter to #3. There is speculation that she and #3 were part of a criminal enterprise that sold child porn for profit. Others reported that she and Maddie were very close and loved each other dearly, but that Jenn was with #3 for so long that she became blind to the obvious. Some say her mental illness is to blame. None of these theories change the fact that Maddie died at 13 by the hands of Jenn’s #3. Here are the hard lessons that parents should consider: 1. The best practice for a child’s well-being may be to avoid a stepparent situation altogether. The failure rate for blended families is so high that an objective conclusion is that they’re simply not worth the risk. Few parents will have a step-partner who ends up with a Death Row case. Many more will not consider the implications of allowing a stranger full access to their child. The risk that these parents take is not their own, but their child’s. 2. The next best practice is for the biological parent to stay ever vigilant about the relationship between their child and the stepparent. Trust slowly and never completely. Monitor the stepparent’s increasing access that seems to happen naturally and stop it. Make a clean break. Finally Everyone familiar with Maddie Soto is haunted by her death. Jenn Soto’s behavior was at the very least reckless, but there are many parents who take unnecessary risks with their children by not understanding the potential danger posed by non-relative parents. The lack of a thoughtful safety strategy

The Impact of Losing a Mother at a Young Age

By Anne Harvey • August 7, 2025

The Impact of Losing a Mother at a Young Age: A Deep Emotional Journey Losing a parent is one of the most painful experiences a person can face. For a child, the death of a mother—the primary source of love, comfort, and emotional security—can be particularly devastating. Whether it happens suddenly or after a prolonged illness, the impact of losing a mother at a young age can leave emotional scars that last a lifetime. In this blog, we will explore the psychological, emotional, and social effects of such a loss, and discuss how children can be supported through grief and healing. --- 1. The Unique Bond Between Mother and Child A mother is often the first person a child bonds with. From birth, she provides not only physical care but also emotional regulation, reassurance, and a safe space for the child to explore the world. The bond between a mother and child is foundational to the development of a child’s sense of self-worth, identity, and emotional security. When that bond is suddenly broken by death, the child’s entire world can feel unsafe and uncertain. --- 2. Immediate Emotional Impact When a child loses a mother at a young age—especially before they have developed mature emotional coping skills—they may experience intense feelings of: · Confusion: Younger children may not fully understand the concept of death. They may believe their mother will come back or that her absence is temporary. · Guilt: Some children irrationally blame themselves for the loss, believing that something they did or said caused their mother to go away. · Fear and Anxiety: Without the emotional security their mother provided, children may become fearful of being left alone or losing other loved ones. · Anger: They may feel angry at the situation, at the person they believe is responsible (if applicable), or even at their mother for "leaving" them. These emotions can be overwhelming, especially without the right support. --- 3. Long-Term Psychological Effects The long-term effects of losing a mother during childhood can vary based on the age of the child, the circumstances of the death, and the support they receive afterward. However, some common impacts include: Attachment Issues Children who lose a mother early in life may struggle with forming secure attachments in future relationships. They might fear abandonment or become overly dependent on caregivers and peers. Trusting others can become a major challenge. Mental Health Challenges Studies show that children who experience the death of a parent are at greater risk of developing mental health issues such as: · Depression · Anxiety disorders · Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) · Low self-esteem Adolescents in particular may struggle with identity issues and unresolved grief, sometimes leading to risky behaviors such as substance abuse or self-harm. Academic and Social Setbacks The emotional turmoil from grief can affect a child’s concentration and motivation at school. Socially, children may feel isolated from peers who don't understand their experience. Some children may withdraw while others act out their pain through disruptive behavior. --- 4. How Grief Manifests at Different Ages Grief doesn’t look the same for every child—it often depends on their age and stage of development. Toddlers and Preschoolers Young children may not fully grasp the permanence of death. They may keep asking when their mother is coming back or show changes in sleeping, eating, or toilet habits. Separation anxiety can become heightened. Elementary Age Children in this age group may begin to understand that death is final but still struggle with emotional expression. They may become clingy, develop fears, or show regression in behavior (e.g., bedwetting or temper tantrums). Pre-teens and Teens Older children and teens understand the reality of death but often suppress emotions to avoid seeming weak or different from their peers. This can lead to internalized grief, anger, rebellion, or withdrawal

A Hidden Crisis

By Anne Harvey • August 7, 2025

Substance Abuse at Home and Its Effects on Children: A Hidden Crisis Substance abuse is a serious issue that affects not only the individual using drugs or alcohol but also their entire family—especially children. When a parent or caregiver struggles with addiction, the home environment can become unstable, unsafe, and emotionally damaging. Children who grow up in these circumstances often experience long-term physical, emotional, and psychological effects that can carry over into adulthood. In this blog, we’ll explore the far-reaching consequences of substance abuse at home and how it can affect a child’s development, behavior, mental health, and future relationships. We’ll also look at signs to watch for, and how intervention and support can make a difference in a child’s life. --- The Unseen Victims: Children in Substance-Affected Homes Children are often referred to as the "unseen victims" of addiction. While the attention is typically placed on the person struggling with substance use, children in the household are often left to cope with the chaos and emotional neglect on their own. They are forced to navigate an unpredictable world—sometimes becoming caretakers, sometimes becoming invisible. Even if the parent doesn’t outwardly harm the child, substance abuse creates an environment filled with anxiety, fear, confusion, and often shame. Children may not fully understand what’s happening, but they feel the effects deeply. --- Emotional and Psychological Effects 1. Anxiety and Fear: A home where substance abuse is present is often unpredictable. Children may never know what mood their parent will be in or if there will be violence or emotional outbursts. This leads to chronic anxiety and fear, which can affect sleep, concentration, and overall mental well-being. 2. Low Self-Esteem: Children may blame themselves for a parent’s addiction or believe that they are unlovable or unworthy of care. Constant exposure to neglect or criticism can shatter their self-confidence and make it difficult for them to form a healthy self-image. 3. Depression and Loneliness: Many children in these environments feel isolated and different from their peers. They may avoid bringing friends home or talking about their family life. This can result in feelings of deep sadness, loneliness, and even depression. 4. Shame and Guilt: Even if children know they are not at fault, they often carry guilt over their family situation. They may feel embarrassed to talk about their home life and keep secrets to protect their parents or siblings. --- Behavioral and Developmental Consequences 1. Academic Struggles: Unstable home environments can make it hard for children to focus in school or complete homework. They may miss classes, fall behind academically, or act out in the classroom. Lack of sleep, hunger, or emotional stress further compounds these issues. 2. Aggression or Withdrawal: Children may become aggressive, mimicking the behaviors they see at home, or withdraw completely from social interaction. Some children become overly responsible—taking care of siblings or trying to “fix” the situation—while others rebel and engage in risky behavior. 3. Delayed Development: Especially for younger children, constant exposure to trauma can delay emotional, cognitive, and social development. Language delays, trouble forming attachments, and difficulty regulating emotions are common. 4. Increased Risk of Substance Use Later in Life: Research consistently shows that children of parents who struggle with addiction are significantly more likely to develop substance use disorders themselves. Growing up in an environment where substance abuse is normalized or used to cope with stress can create a dangerous cycle that repeats across generations. --- The Impact of Domestic Violence and Neglect In many homes where substance abuse is present, domestic violence or neglect is also a factor. Children may witness physical fights, be subjected to emotional abuse, or suffer from physical neglect such as lack of food, clean clothing, or medical care. These traumatic experiences have long-lasting effects on the brain and emotional development. Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs), such as living with a parent who has a substance use disorder, are strongly linked to negative health outcomes later in life, including mental illness, heart disease, and even a shorter lifespan. --- Coping Mechanisms and Survival Strategies Children in homes affected by substance abuse often develop coping mechanisms to survive. These may include: · Becoming a caregiver: Taking on adult responsibilities like cooking, cleaning, or caring for younger siblings. · Emotional numbing: Shutting down emotionally to avoid feeling pain. · Perfectionism: Trying to do everything “right” in hopes of preventing conflict. · Escapism: Turning to fantasy, books, video games, or substance use themselves to escape reality. While these strategies may help in the short term, they can hinder emotional growth and lead to challenges in forming healthy relationships in adulthood. --- Signs a Child May Be Living with Parental Substance Abuse Adults—whether teachers, doctors, family members, or neighbors—can play a crucial role in identifying children at risk. Some warning signs include: · Frequent absences from school or daycare · Poor hygiene or clothing inappropriate for the weather · Unexplained injuries or signs of neglect · Extreme behavior (withdrawn, aggressive, overly compliant) · Trouble concentrating or falling asleep · Expressions of fear or anxiety about going home --- Breaking the Cycle: Support and Intervention The good news is that children are resilient—and with the right support, they can recover from the trauma of growing up in a substance-affected home. 1. Counseling and Therapy: Professional therapy, including trauma-informed care and play therapy, can help children process their emotions, develop healthy coping mechanisms, and build trust in safe adults. 2. Supportive Relationships: Even one stable and loving relationship—whether with a grandparent, teacher, coach, or counselor—can make a significant difference in a child’s life. Consistent support builds a sense of safety and belonging. 3. Education and Prevention Programs: Schools and community organizations can provide education about addiction and teach children skills to manage emotions, resolve conflict, and seek help when needed. 4. Involvement of Child Protective Services (CPS): In cases of severe neglect or abuse, intervention from CPS or social services may be necessary to remove the child from harm and ensure their safety. --- Final Thoughts Substance abuse doesn’t just impact the person using drugs or alcohol—it impacts the entire family, and the youngest members are often the ones who suffer in silence. Children growing up in homes affected by addiction face a unique set of emotional, developmental, and psychological challenges that can shape their entire lives. By recognizing the signs, advocating for these children, and providing them with the support they need, we can break the cycle of addiction and help them build healthier, brighter futures. Every child deserves a safe and loving home—no matter their circumstances. --- If you or someone you know is struggling with substance abuse, there are resources available. Early intervention saves lives—not just for the person using, but for every child who loves them.

Divorce in 2025

By Anne Harvey • June 12, 2025

In 2025, divorce rates are experiencing nuanced shifts across different demographics and regions. While overall divorce rates in countries like Canada and the U.S. have declined over recent decades, certain segments—such as older adults and younger couples—are seeing notable increases in marital dissolutions. This trend is influenced by a complex interplay of social, economic, and cultural factors. --- 1. Economic Pressures and Financial Stress Financial strain remains a leading cause of marital breakdowns. Rising debt, inflation, and economic uncertainties contribute to chronic stress within households, leading to resentment and reduced marital satisfaction. This phenomenon, often referred to as the "stress hypothesis," suggests that economic downturns can exacerbate relationship tensions, prompting more couples to consider divorce . --- 2. The Rise of "Gray Divorce" Divorces among individuals aged 50 and above, termed "gray divorces," are on the rise. Factors contributing to this trend include increased life expectancy, financial independence, and a desire for personal fulfillment in later life. Many older adults are less willing to remain in unfulfilling marriages, especially as societal stigmas around divorce diminish . --- 3. Shifting Attitudes Among Younger Generations Younger couples are exhibiting a lower tolerance for dissatisfaction in relationships. Influenced by evolving societal norms and the prevalence of online dating, many prioritize personal happiness over traditional marital commitments. This shift has led to an increase in divorces among younger demographics, who are more inclined to end marriages that don't meet their expectations . --- 4. Evolving Views on Commitment Modern discussions around marriage have introduced concepts like the "4-Year Marriage Contract," reflecting a growing desire for flexibility in long-term commitments. While not legally binding, such ideas highlight a cultural shift towards viewing marriage as a renewable agreement rather than a lifelong obligation . --- 5. Increased Awareness and Reporting of Domestic Issues Heightened awareness of domestic abuse and infidelity has empowered more individuals to leave harmful relationships. Surveys indicate that lack of commitment, frequent arguments, and infidelity are among the top reasons for divorce, with 73% citing lack of commitment and 55% pointing to infidelity as primary causes . --- 6. Societal Normalization of Divorce Divorce is increasingly viewed as a personal choice rather than a societal failure. This normalization is evident in cultural trends like the emergence of "divorce rings," symbolizing empowerment and new beginnings post-divorce. Such shifts indicate a broader acceptance of divorce as a viable option for personal growth and happiness . --- Conclusion The landscape of marriage and divorce in 2025 reflects broader societal changes. Economic challenges, evolving personal values, and increased autonomy are reshaping how individuals approach long-term relationships. As these trends continue, it's essential for couples to engage in open communication, seek mutual understanding, and consider professional guidance to navigate the complexities of modern relationships.

The Rise of Grey Hair Divorces

By Anne Harvey • June 12, 2025

The Rise of Grey Divorces: Why More Couples Over 50 Are Choosing to Separate In recent years, a significant and often surprising trend has emerged in the world of relationships: the rise of the “grey divorce.” Once considered rare, divorces among couples aged 50 and older are becoming increasingly common. Known as grey divorces due to the age group typically involved, these separations are reshaping how society views marriage, aging, and long-term relationships. According to statistics from the U.S. Census Bureau and studies in Canada and other Western countries, the divorce rate for people over 50 has doubled since the 1990s. While overall divorce rates are declining among younger couples, the opposite is happening with older adults. This blog explores the causes behind this trend, the unique challenges grey divorces present, and what it means for individuals and families navigating this life change later in life. --- What Is a Grey Divorce? A grey divorce refers to the dissolution of a marriage in which one or both spouses are aged 50 or older. This term gained popularity as demographic data began revealing an upward trend in late-life separations. In many cases, these are marriages that have lasted 20, 30, or even 40 years. The phenomenon is not limited to a single country. Countries like Canada, the United States, the UK, and Australia have all seen a rise in grey divorces. The trend spans across different socioeconomic classes, though the financial implications can differ depending on the couple's income, savings, and retirement plans. --- Why Are Grey Divorces on the Rise? There isn’t one simple reason why more couples are divorcing later in life. Instead, a combination of social, emotional, and financial factors contribute to the rising numbers. Here are some of the most common: 1. Longer Life Expectancy People are living longer and healthier lives than previous generations. A person in their 50s or 60s today may expect to live another 20 to 30 years. If a marriage is no longer fulfilling, the idea of spending decades more in that relationship can become unbearable. Many people now view their later years as a time for reinvention, not stagnation. 2. Empty Nest Syndrome Many grey divorces occur shortly after children leave the home. Once the shared responsibility of parenting ends, some couples realize they have little in common. With the children gone, unresolved issues in the relationship often surface, leading to a separation. 3. Financial Independence Today’s older women, in particular, are more likely to have their own careers, retirement savings, and financial autonomy. In the past, women may have felt trapped in unhappy marriages due to financial dependence. Now, more women over 50 feel empowered to leave relationships that no longer serve them. 4. Changing Social Norms Divorce no longer carries the same stigma it once did. Society has become more accepting of the idea that it’s okay to leave a long-term relationship if it’s unfulfilling or toxic. This social shift has opened the door for older adults to pursue happiness on their own terms. 5. Second Marriages and Blended Families Statistics show that second and third marriages are more likely to end in divorce. Many grey divorces involve remarried couples who find that blending families or managing finances in later life can create new conflicts and pressures. --- Challenges of Grey Divorce While ending a marriage at any age is difficult, grey divorces come with their own set of challenges that differ from those faced by younger couples. 1. Financial Impacts Dividing assets in a grey divorce can be especially complicated. Many couples have spent decades building wealth, saving for retirement, and acquiring property. A divorce can seriously disrupt retirement plans, affect pensions and RRSPs, and diminish the lifestyle both parties expected to enjoy. Spousal support is another critical factor. If one spouse was the primary breadwinner while the other managed the household, support payments may be necessary and long-term. 2. Emotional Toll Leaving a marriage after decades can be emotionally devastating. The loss of a long-term companion, changes in social circles, and feelings of failure or regret are common. Many individuals also face the prospect of living alone after a lifetime of partnership, which can be daunting. 3. Health and Insurance Concerns Health insurance and medical care are vital considerations for older adults. If one spouse was covered under the other's plan, a divorce can leave them uninsured or facing costly premiums. 4. Estate and Inheritance Planning Divorce can dramatically affect estate plans, wills, and inheritance. Decisions about power of attorney, beneficiaries, and healthcare directives may need to be revisited and revised. --- Moving Forward After a Grey Divorce While grey divorce can be painful and complex, many people emerge from the experience feeling renewed and hopeful. Here are a few steps individuals can take to navigate the transition: 1. Seek Legal and Financial Guidance Consulting a lawyer who specializes in family law and working with a financial advisor are essential steps in protecting your future. Understanding your rights regarding property, pensions, and support will help you make informed decisions. 2. Build a Support Network Divorce later in life can be isolating, especially if friends or family don’t understand your choice. Connecting with support groups or a therapist can provide much-needed emotional support during this time. 3. Rediscover Yourself After years of prioritizing family or a spouse, many people use this time to rediscover their interests and passions. Whether it’s traveling, starting a new hobby, or volunteering, this stage of life can be incredibly empowering. 4. Revisit Your Retirement Plan A financial planner can help you revise your retirement goals and create a new roadmap that fits your changed circumstances. It may involve downsizing, delaying retirement, or adjusting investment strategies. --- Final Thoughts The rise in grey divorces reflects broader social and cultural shifts. As people live longer, prioritize emotional well-being, and reject traditional notions of staying married “no matter what,” it’s natural to see more older adults choosing to end unsatisfying relationships. While the decision to divorce after decades of marriage is never easy, it can also be a powerful act of self-care and liberation. With the right support and planning, grey divorce doesn't have to be a crisis—it can be the beginning of a more authentic and fulfilling chapter of life.

12 Signs of Domestic Abuse

By Anne Harvey • June 12, 2025

12 Warning Signs of Domestic Abuse

Living Together While Separated

By Anne Harvey • May 5, 2025

Living Together While Separated With Children

Civil Protection

By Anne Harvey • May 5, 2025

Don’t be Blindsided by your Civil Protection Order

Signs of a Toxic Marriage

By Anne Harvey • February 4, 2025

How a Marriage Grows Toxic and Signs That It May Be Coming to an End Marriage is often seen as a lifelong partnership built on love, trust, and mutual respect. However, over time, certain issues can surface, transforming what once was a healthy relationship into something toxic. Understanding how a marriage can grow toxic and recognizing the signs that it may be coming to an end is crucial for individuals who may be grappling with a difficult relationship. How a Marriage Grows Toxic 1. Communication Breakdown One of the earliest signs that a marriage is becoming toxic is a breakdown in communication. When partners stop discussing their feelings, concerns, or aspirations openly, misunderstandings and resentment can build. Over time, silence can turn into emotional distance, and minor disagreements can escalate into full-blown arguments because issues are left unresolved. 2. Emotional Disconnection Emotional intimacy is key to a healthy marriage. When one or both partners start to feel emotionally disconnected, it can signal the beginning of a toxic dynamic. This disconnection often leads to feelings of loneliness, frustration, or neglect, as partners stop seeking emotional support from each other. Emotional withdrawal can also be a coping mechanism for avoiding conflict, further widening the gap between spouses. 3. Constant Criticism and Blame Criticism is normal in any relationship, but when it becomes a constant feature of interactions, it can poison the marriage. Instead of addressing issues constructively, one partner might constantly criticize or blame the other, eroding their self-esteem. Over time, this dynamic can lead to feelings of worthlessness and resentment, contributing to an unhealthy environment. 4. Growing Contempt Contempt is one of the most destructive forces in a marriage. It goes beyond criticism and includes expressions of disgust, disdain, and disrespect. When partners start to treat each other with contempt—rolling their eyes, mocking, or making belittling remarks—this indicates that the relationship has crossed into toxic territory. 5. Resentment Builds Over Time Unresolved issues, unmet expectations, and emotional wounds can lead to a buildup of resentment. When partners fail to address these underlying problems, the anger and bitterness can fester, turning small conflicts into larger issues. Resentment causes partners to view each other in a negative light, which can further damage the relationship. 6. Lack of Physical Intimacy Physical intimacy is an important part of any marriage. When the physical connection diminishes, it can signify emotional detachment. Couples who no longer share affection, like hugging, kissing, or even holding hands, may feel like roommates rather than partners. This lack of intimacy can reinforce emotional distance and lead to further strain in the marriage. 7. Unhealthy Power Dynamics Toxic relationships often involve imbalanced power dynamics, where one partner dominates or controls the other. This can manifest in financial control, decision-making without consultation, or emotional manipulation. A healthy marriage involves mutual respect and equal partnership, and when one partner holds excessive power, it leads to an unhealthy dynamic that fosters resentment. Signs a Marriage May Be Coming to an End 1. Frequent Arguments or Silent Treatment If arguments become more frequent and intense, or if one or both partners resort to the silent treatment, it could indicate that the relationship is nearing its end. Constant fighting without resolution suggests that both individuals are no longer invested in working through their problems, while silence can signify emotional withdrawal and disinterest in the marriage. 2. Emotional or Physical Infidelity Cheating, whether emotional or physical, is often a symptom of a failing marriage. If one partner seeks intimacy, connection, or validation outside the marriage, it’s a sign that they are no longer fulfilled in the relationship. Infidelity is a clear indicator that trust has been broken, and it can be difficult to repair the marriage after such a betrayal. 3. Loss of Interest in Spending Time Together When spouses no longer enjoy each other's company or actively avoid spending time together, it may be a sign that the relationship is deteriorating. If one or both partners prioritize time with friends, work, or hobbies over their relationship, it indicates that the bond is weakening and that they may be emotionally checked out. 4. Indifference or Apathy Indifference is often a stronger indicator of a marriage's impending end than anger. When one or both partners stop caring about the outcome of conflicts, future plans, or each other's feelings, it signals emotional detachment. Apathy indicates that the effort to maintain the relationship is no longer there, and this can lead to a slow dissolution of the marriage. 5. Feelings of Relief When Apart Feeling relief or happiness when apart from your spouse can be a telling sign that the marriage is in trouble. In a healthy relationship, partners generally enjoy spending time together, even during difficult periods. When time apart feels like an escape from negativity, it may be a sign that the marriage is no longer providing the support or companionship that it once did. 6. Considering or Discussing Separation When discussions about separation or divorce become frequent, it’s a strong indicator that the marriage may be nearing its end. Even if the topic is broached in the heat of an argument, consistently thinking or talking about ending the marriage means that at least one partner is seriously contemplating life without the other. Conclusion Recognizing when a marriage has become toxic is important for individuals to make informed decisions about their future. While every marriage has its ups and downs, persistent issues like lack of communication, emotional disconnection, and growing resentment can signal deeper problems. Paying attention to the signs that a marriage may be coming to an end—such as indifference, infidelity, or frequent arguments—can help individuals decide whether to seek he

Struggles of a Single Mother

By Anne Harvey • February 4, 2025

The Struggles of a Single Mother in the United States: Navigating Life with Strength and Resilience Being a mother is often described as one of the most rewarding yet challenging roles a woman can undertake. But for single mothers in the United States, the journey can be even more arduous. Without a partner to share the load, single mothers face unique struggles that can affect their emotional, financial, and physical well-being. Despite these challenges, millions of single mothers show immense strength and resilience every day, navigating a path filled with both adversity and opportunity. 1. Financial Strain: Juggling Bills and Expenses One of the most significant challenges single mothers face is financial strain. In many cases, single mothers are the sole breadwinners for their families, often earning less than their married counterparts. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, single-mother households are more likely to live in poverty than two-parent households. With the cost of housing, healthcare, education, and childcare rising, many single mothers find themselves stretched thin financially. The struggle to make ends meet can also mean working multiple jobs or long hours, leaving little time for rest or quality time with their children. In some cases, single mothers may have to choose between paying bills and putting food on the table, a heart-wrenching decision that can add to the emotional burden they carry. 2. Balancing Work and Parenting: A Constant Tug-of-War For single mothers, the challenge of balancing work and parenting is a constant tug-of-war. With no one to share responsibilities, single moms must be both the provider and the caregiver. This often means sacrificing personal time, sleep, and even career advancement to ensure their children are well cared for. Childcare can also be a major obstacle. Finding affordable, reliable childcare can be difficult, particularly for single mothers who work irregular hours or low-wage jobs. The lack of support may force them to rely on friends, family, or even leave their children unsupervised, creating anxiety and stress over their children’s well-being. 3. Emotional and Mental Health: The Weight of Responsibility Single mothers often experience a unique emotional toll due to the overwhelming responsibility they shoulder. The pressure to provide, nurture, and protect their children without a support system can lead to feelings of isolation, stress, and anxiety. The mental and emotional weight of being the sole decision-maker for their family can also lead to burnout. Social stigmas around single motherhood may further compound these feelings. Some single mothers may face judgment or discrimination based on their marital status, making it harder to seek help or feel accepted in their communities. 4. Limited Access to Education and Career Growth Many single mothers struggle to pursue higher education or career advancement due to time constraints and financial pressures. The lack of affordable childcare, coupled with the need to work full-time, leaves little opportunity for single moms to return to school or take on additional training. Without access to further education, many single mothers are confined to low-paying jobs with limited growth opportunities, perpetuating a cycle of financial instability. This can make it harder for them to improve their family’s living conditions or break free from the financial struggles they face. 5. Healthcare Challenges Access to healthcare can be another significant hurdle for single mothers in the U.S., particularly for those without health insurance. The cost of medical care, including doctor visits, prescriptions, and emergency services, can be prohibitive for families living paycheck to paycheck. This can lead to delays in seeking necessary care for both the mother and her children, resulting in long-term health issues that could have been prevented with early intervention. 6. Social Isolation and Lack of Support Single mothers often experience a sense of social isolation, particularly if they don’t have a strong support network. Without a partner to lean on, single mothers may feel lonely and disconnected, especially when it comes to facing difficult parenting decisions or personal challenges. While family and friends can sometimes step in to provide support, not all single mothers have this luxury. The absence of a reliable support system can make everyday tasks, such as running errands or attending school events, much more difficult. Overcoming the Struggles: The Strength of Single Mothers Despite these challenges, single mothers in the United States demonstrate remarkable resilience and strength. They often find ways to overcome adversity, whether by seeking out community resources, creating their own support networks, or simply persevering through difficult times. Many organizations and government programs exist to help single mothers, offering financial assistance, affordable housing, and educational opportunities. Single mothers who are aware of these resources can find relief from some of their struggles, allowing them to focus more on their children’s well-being and their own personal growth. Conclusion: The Importance of Empathy and Support The struggles of a single mother in the United States are numerous and complex, but they are not insurmountable. By recognizing the challenges they face and offering support, whether through policy changes, community involvement, or simple acts of kindness, we can help ease the burden on single mothers. These women are raising the next generation, and it is in everyone’s best interest to ensure they have the tools, resources, and emotional support they need to thrive. Every single mother deserves recognition for the strength she embodies and the sacrifices she makes to provide a better life for her children. With more understanding, empathy, and practical support, we can create a society that uplifts and empowers single mothers in their journey.

Long-Term Affects of Child Abuse

By Anne Harvey • February 4, 2025

Child abuse is a devastating and tragic experience that can leave long-lasting emotional, psychological, and physical scars. While the immediate impact on children is often heartbreaking, the effects of abuse often extend into adulthood, shaping the victim's future in profound and harmful ways. As a society, we must understand these long-term consequences to offer better support for survivors and prevent future abuse. This blog will delve into the various forms of child abuse, its long-term effects on individuals as they grow older, and how these effects manifest in adult life. Types of Child Abuse Child abuse can take various forms, including physical, emotional, sexual, and neglect. Each form of abuse has its unique set of consequences, but all share the potential to damage a child’s development and well-being. 1. Physical Abuse: Physical abuse includes any form of violence or harm inflicted on a child’s body, such as hitting, beating, or burning. The visible effects are often easier to recognize, but the emotional scars left behind can be more profound. 2. Emotional Abuse: Emotional or psychological abuse involves verbal attacks, constant criticism, humiliation, and other behaviors that damage a child’s sense of self-worth. This form of abuse can be just as damaging, if not more so, than physical abuse. 3. Sexual Abuse: Sexual abuse occurs when a child is forced or coerced into sexual activities by an adult or older individual. The betrayal of trust, combined with feelings of shame and guilt, often leaves victims with severe emotional and psychological damage. 4. Neglect: Neglect occurs when a caregiver fails to provide for a child's basic needs, including food, shelter, education, medical care, and emotional support. Neglect can lead to developmental delays, poor health, and emotional instability. The Long-Term Psychological and Emotional Impact of Child Abuse Childhood abuse can create a deep emotional wound that follows victims into adulthood. Survivors of abuse often experience a range of mental health issues, including: 1. Anxiety and Depression Abused children are more likely to experience anxiety and depression as adults. The constant fear, insecurity, and trauma experienced during childhood often leave lasting psychological effects. Survivors may suffer from generalized anxiety disorder, panic attacks, or chronic depression. Research shows that adults who were abused as children are more likely to experience post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Flashbacks, nightmares, and overwhelming feelings of distress related to the abuse can interfere with daily functioning, relationships, and overall mental health. 2. Low Self-Esteem and Self-Worth Children who grow up in abusive environments often internalize negative messages from their abusers. As adults, they may struggle with low self-esteem and feelings of worthlessness. Emotional abuse, in particular, instills a belief in survivors that they are not deserving of love, care, or success. This negative self-perception can result in difficulties forming healthy relationships and pursuing career goals. 3. Difficulty Forming Healthy Relationships Survivors of child abuse frequently struggle with relationships in adulthood. Having grown up in an environment of mistrust and fear, they may find it difficult to trust others or form meaningful emotional connections. Attachment issues are common, with some individuals avoiding intimacy and emotional closeness, while others may cling to unhealthy or codependent relationships. The fear of abandonment or rejection often lingers, making it hard to develop healthy, secure attachments. Abuse can also lead to boundary issues, where survivors either struggle to assert their boundaries or build walls to protect themselves from getting hurt. This can lead to dysfunctional relationships, either marked by a lack of emotional connection or by repeated involvement with abusive or manipulative partners. 4. Substance Abuse and Addiction Adults who experienced child abuse are more likely to develop substance abuse problems as a way to cope with the emotional pain and trauma. Drugs, alcohol, or other addictive behaviors can become mechanisms to numb feelings of anxiety, depression, or isolation. Unfortunately, substance abuse can lead to a cycle of self-destruction, often furthering the emotional damage caused by the initial abuse. 5. Mental Health Disorders In addition to anxiety and depression, survivors of child abuse may develop other mental health disorders, such as bipolar disorder, personality disorders, dissociative identity disorder (DID), or borderline personality disorder (BPD). The emotional and psychological strain of childhood abuse disrupts the brain’s normal development, leading to long-lasting mental health challenges that require professional treatment. The Physical Health Effects of Childhood Abuse In addition to the emotional and psychological effects, child abuse can also have severe physical health consequences that last into adulthood. 1. Chronic Health Conditions Studies have shown that adults who were abused as children are more likely to suffer from chronic health conditions, including heart disease, diabetes, obesity, and autoimmune disorders. The stress and trauma endured during childhood can lead to physiological changes in the body, such as inflammation and altered stress hormone levels, which contribute to the development of long-term health problems. 2. Self-Harm and Suicidal Tendencies Survivors of child abuse are at a higher risk of engaging in self-harm or experiencing suicidal thoughts. The intense emotional pain and unresolved trauma may lead individuals to hurt themselves as a way to cope or express their distress. Without proper intervention and mental health support, these individuals may be at increased risk of suicide attempts. 3. Higher Risk of Re-victimization Tragically, adults who were abused as children may be more likely to experience further abuse or victimization later in life. The trauma of childhood abuse can distort a survivor’s ability to recognize unhealthy behaviors in others, potentially leading them into abusive relationships or environments as adults. Furthermore, the ingrained feelings of worthlessness or powerlessness may leave survivors vulnerable to exploitation by others. The Societal and Economic Impact The effects of child abuse extend beyond the individual and impact society as a whole. Adults who suffer from the long-term consequences of abuse may struggle with maintaining steady employment, leading to economic instability. They may also experience difficulties in education, social integration, and personal development, limiting their potential contributions to society. Moreover, the health care system bears a significant burden, as abused individuals often require more medical and mental health services throughout their lives. The social costs of untreated trauma, including addiction, homelessness, and crime, further compound the societal impact of childhood abuse. Healing and Moving Forward Despite the devastating effects of child abuse, survivors can recover and lead fulfilling lives with the right support and interventions. Therapy is often a crucial step in the healing process, allowing survivors to process their trauma, rebuild self-esteem, and develop healthier coping mechanisms. Various forms of therapy, including cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), trauma-focused therapy, and group counseling, can provide valuable tools for healing. Survivors must also work on rebuilding trust in themselves and others, setting healthy boundaries, and addressing any underlying mental health or addiction issues. It’s essential for survivors to seek support from friends, family, and professionals who understand their experiences and can help them navigate the healing process. Conclusion Child abuse leaves long-lasting scars that affect survivors in every aspect of their adult lives. Understanding these long-term effects is crucial for providing support, promoting healing, and preventing future abuse. With the right resources, survivors of child abuse can overcome their trauma and build a future defined by resilience and hope, rather than the pain of the past.

You Can't Make Me!

Jenn and Maddie